Pillar 4: Space and earth 

4.1 Theory 
Cosmology
4.2 Space
Astronomy
4.3 Earth
4.3.1 Surface and substance
Physical geography | Geology | Soil science
4.3.2 Interrelations 
Agriculture (land) | Environmental science | Emergency management

4.1 Theory 
  The nature and origin of the universe

  • Cosmology (W)
   (or physical cosmology)
   explores the nature and origin of the universe

   Theory

     ••Philosophy of cosmology

     •• History of cosmology
        History of the field 

   Branches

     •• Physical cosmology (W)
         Scientific study of the origin and nature
         of the universe (cosmos).
         Part of astronomy 

     •• Theoretical cosmology
        Cosmological theories and models (e.g., The Big Bang)

     •• Observational cosmology (W)
         Empirical based cosmology

4.2 Space (W)
   Exploration of the outer space

  • Astronomy (W)
    Exploration of the outer space

   Theory (metaknowledge of astronomy)

     •• Philosophy of astronomy

     •• History of astronomy (W)

   Branches

    Sciences

     •• Astrophysics (W)

      ••• Physical cosmology (W) 

      ••• Theoretical astrophysics (W) 

      ••• Observational astrophysics (W)

      ••• Computational astrophysics (W)
           Applying computing in astrophysics research
          (see Computational astrophysics c.9.3.1.2)

     •• Astrochemistry (W)
         (or cosmochemistry (W))
         Chemical processes and substances in spcae



     •• Astrogeology (W)
        Planetery geology. Solar system

     •• Astrobiology (W)

   Objects & phenomena  

     •• Extragalactic astronomy (W)
         Beyond the Milky Way galaxy

     ••Galactic astronomy (W)
         Milky Way galaxy (W) 

     ••

     ••
 
   Methodologies

     ••Theoretical astronomy (W)

     •• Observational astronomy (W)
         Astronomy based on observations

      ••• Radio astronomy (W)
           Using radio waves for space exploration

      ••• Microwave astronomy (W)
           (or Submillimetre astronomy (W))
           Microwaves radiation for space exploration

      ••• Infrared astronomy (W)
           including: Near, Mid and Far infrared astronomy (W)
           Infrared radiation for space exploration

      ••• Visible-light astronomy (W)
           (or Optical astronomy)
           Using visible-light for space exploration 

      ••• Ultraviolet (UV) astronomy (W)

      ••• X-ray astronomy (W)

      ••• Gamma ray astronomy (W)

      ••• Cosmic ray astronmy (W)
           Astroparticles physics (W)
           (Part of particle physics)
           Exploring high energy particles (cosmic ray (W) 

      ••• Neutrino astronomy (W)

    ••• Gravitational-wave astronomy (W)
          (or High-energy astrophysics)
 
     •• Computational astronomy (W)

(W)

     •• Photometry (W)

     •• Astrometry (W)
   Measuring position and movements of stars 

     •• Laboratory astronomy (W)
         

4.3 Earth (W)
   The Earth

 4.3.1 Surface and substance
    Surface and substance of the Earth

  • Physical geography (W)
    The surface of the Earth

   Theory (metaknowledge of geography)

  •• Philosophy of geography (W)

     •• History of geography (W)

   Branches
 
     •• Atmospheric sciences (W)
        The Earth's atmosphere
        (Gases surround the Earth)

      ••• Climatology (W)
           Long term weather systems

      ••• Meteorology (W)
           Short term weather systems

     •• Geomorphology (W)
        Shaping the surface of the Earth

     •• Hydrology (W)
        Water on Earth

     •• Oceanography (W)
        Oceans

     •• Glaciology (W)
        Glaciers and ice 

     •• Pedology (see soil science)

     •• Biogeography (W)
         Distribution of living organisms

      ••• Phytogeography (W)
          Botanical geography 

      ••• Zoogeography (W)
          Animal geography

  • Geology (W)
    The study of the solid earth

   Theory (metaknowledge of geology)

     •• Philosophy of geology

     •• History of geology (W)

   Branches

     •• Geophysics (W)

  • Soil science (W)

     •• Edaphology (W)
        Interrelations among soils and plants 

     •• Pedology (W)
        Soil formation and evolution

4.3.2 Interrelations 

  • Agriculture (see cat. 5.2)

  • Environmental science (W)

  • Emergency management (W)

The Space and Earth pillar

The Space and Earth pillar explores our planet and the outer space.

4.1

Cosmology (also known as scientific cosmology and physical cosmology) is the scientific study of the nature and origin of the universe.

4.2

4.3.2

Agriculture is the study of cultivating the land, animals and plants. The land agriculture is represented in cat. 4.3.2. The animals and plants agriculture is represented in cat. 5.2.